Antoine Bozio

Director of the IPP

PSE Chaired Professor

CV IN FRENCH CV IN ENGLISH
  • Associate Professor
  • EHESS
  • Member of the Institute of Public Policies
Research themes
  • Pensions
  • Public policy
  • Wealth, income, redistribution and tax policy
Contact

Address :48 boulevard Jourdan,
75014 Paris, France

Declaration of interest
See the declaration of interest

Publications HAL

  • Follow the money! Why dividends overreact to flat-tax reforms Pre-print, Working paper

    We estimate behavioral responses to dividend taxation using recent French reforms: a rate hike followed, five years later, by a cut. Exploiting household and firm tax data as well as data linking firms and shareholders, we find very large dividend tax elasticities to both reforms. Individuals who control firms adjust dividend receipts instantaneously, accounting for most of the aggregate dividend reaction. Investment is insensitive to dividend taxation. Dividend adjustments are instead driven by corporate saving, as owner-managers treat firms as low-tax saving vehicles. Our results fit the ‘new view’ of dividend taxation, provided an additional low-tax yet costly payout option is available that offers a tax arbitrage opportunity to entrepreneurs in control of their firms.

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  • Changing labour market and income inequalities in Europe and North America: a parallel project to the IFS Deaton Review of Inequalities in the 21 st century Journal article

    The evolution of labour market and disposable income inequalities over recent decades in high‐income countries has generated intense interest in academia and the wider public. The extent to which there have been common trends, or diverging experiences, across a broad range of different countries, remains relatively understudied. The papers in this two‐part special issue seek to provide the bases for consistent comparisons across 17 North American and European countries. In this Introduction we provide background for the cross‐country project, which has been conducted in parallel to the wider IFS Deaton Review of Inequalities. In addition, we provide brief summaries of key trends and findings in the four English‐speaking countries and four Nordic countries, as well as a companion paper on gender pay gaps across all 17 countries.

    Journal: Fiscal Studies

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  • Predistribution versus Redistribution: Evidence from France and the United States Journal article

    We construct series of posttax income for France over the 1900–2018 period and compare them with US series. We quantify the extent of redistribution—the reduction from pretax to posttax inequality—and estimate the contribution of redistribution in explaining differences in posttax inequality. We find that differences in pretax inequality drive most of the differences in posttax inequality between France and the United States, and that changes over time in both countries are mostly due to changes in pretax inequality. We highlight that the concept of redistribution can be empirically misleading for judging how policies reduce inequalities.

    Author: Jonathan Goupille Journal: American Economic Journal: Applied Economics

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  • The unusual French policy mix towards labour market inequalities Journal article

    This short paper presents an overview of the French policy mix towards labour market inequalities, consisting of a high minimum wage together with targeted payroll tax cuts around the minimum wage. It reviews the recent literature documenting the impact of that policy mix on employment and wage inequality. The main takeaways are that pre‐tax wage inequality has been increasing in France rather like it has in the UK and the US, while net wage inequality has decreased and then remained stable. The employment experience for the middle age group is also very close in France to the one in the UK and the US, while it differs markedly at young and older ages. The paper offers two more general thoughts on how to make progress in comparing policy options. First, most studies tend to give too much weight to tax and benefit reforms in being able to reduce inequality as they disregard incidence mechanisms, and fail to incorporate properly longer‐term effects of other policies on pre‐tax inequality. Second, the design of effective policy should always incorporate simplicity and salience. Failure to do so is likely to lead to little expected impact of such policies.

    Journal: Fiscal Studies

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  • Does Tax-Benefit Linkage Matter for the Incidence of Payroll Taxes? Pre-print, Working paper

    We study the earnings responses to six large payroll tax and income tax reforms in France. We find evidence of full pass-through to workers in cases where there is a strong and clear relationship between contributions and expected benefits. By contrast, we find a limited pass-through of employer payroll taxes to workers for reforms with no tax-benefit linkage, and close to full pass-through to workers for income tax reforms nominally incident on employees. Together with a meta-analysis of the literature, we interpret these results as evidence that tax-benefit linkage matters for incidence of payroll taxes, a claim long made by the literature but not backed by empirical evidence to date. Absent tax-benefit linkage, our results suggest that the individual-level incidence of payroll taxes aligns with their statutory incidence.

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  • Évaluation de la réforme de la taxe d’habitation Report

    La suppression de la taxe d’habitation sur la résidence principale a été mise en place de façon progressive dès 2018. Cette taxe représentait 23,4 milliards de recettes en 2016 pour les collectivités locales, dont 18,7 payés par les ménages contribuables. La première partie du rapport s’intéresse aux réactions des communes, privées d’une importante source de contrôle de leurs recettes fiscales à terme et au mécanisme de compensation mis en place par l’Etat. La deuxième partie de ce rapport s’intéresse aux effets de la réforme sur les loyers et prix de l’immobilier. La question de l’incidence – c’est-à-dire qui bénéficie de cette baisse d’impôt – est un enjeu majeur de toute réforme fiscale. Il s’agit de savoir si le bénéfice de cette baisse de la fiscalité a pu être capté par les propriétaires de biens immobiliers, à travers les prix de vente de leurs biens, ou à travers les loyers qu’ils perçoivent de leurs locataires. La troisième partie de ce rapport s’intéresse, à l’échelle individuelle, aux comportements de mobilité résidentielle pour savoir si la suppression de la taxe d’habitation, en rendant certaines communes plus attractives, a eu pour conséquence des mobilités accrues.

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  • Évaluation des réformes de la fiscalité du capital -Effets sur la création d’entreprises, l’expatriation et la circulation de l’épargne Report

    L’objectif affiché des réformes de la fiscalité du capital mises en place entre 2017 et 2018 était de baisser la fiscalité sur le capital afin de soutenir l’investissement privé, et in fine la croissance de l’économie française. L’enjeu d’évaluation est donc de pouvoir quantifier ces potentiels effets sur l’investissement, et plus généralement sur la circulation du capital dans l’économie. Les précédents travaux de recherche menés jusqu’à présent n’ont pas mis en évidence d’effets sur l’investissement de la mise en place du PFU pour les entreprises déjà existantes (Bach et al., 2021a), et le constat s’est avéré similaire pour la transformation de l’ISF en IFI (Bach et al., 2021b). La marge intensive de l’investissement ne semble donc pas être une marge de réponse comportementale majeure aux modifications de la fiscalité sur la distribution des revenus ou sur le stock de capital. Les travaux de recherche sur données françaises ont, par contre, mis en évidence une forte réaction de la distribution des revenus du capital à ces réformes, avec notamment une très forte hausse de la distribution des dividendes à la mise en place du PFU (Bach et al., 2019, 2021a), mais aussi à la mise en place de l’IFI avec la suppression du mécanisme du plafonnement (Bach et al., 2023). L’objectif de l’étude présentée dans ce rapport est de compléter ces travaux en mesurant l’impact des réformes du PFU et de l’IFI sur des décisions d’investissement à la marge extensive, c’est-à-dire correspondant à des choix discrets d’investissement comme la création d’entreprise, l’expatriation ou au retour d’entrepreneurs, et les décisions de réinvestissement de capital.

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  • Le plafonnement de l’impôt sur la fortune Report

    Présentation Depuis la création de l’impôt sur les grandes fortunes (IGF) en 1982, l’imposition du patrimoine a toujours été assortie d’un mécanisme de plafonnement. Celui-ci visait à limiter le montant d’impôt payé lorsque la somme des impositions sur le revenu et le patrimoine dont les ménages étaient redevables dépassait une certaine part de leur revenu. Ce rapport vise à mieux comprendre qui étaient les ménages plafonnés, quels étaient leur niveau et leur composition de patrimoine et de revenus. Il propose une description approfondie de ces ménages, et étudie leurs réactions à deux réformes du plafonnement : son annulation ponctuelle en 2012, et la forte variation de son application avec la transformation de l’ISF en IFI.

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  • Dividend Taxes and the Allocation of Capital: Comment Journal article

    Boissel and Matray (2022) find that investment increased after 2013 in French firms facing higher dividend taxes. We identify an alteration in the code plotting the event study of the effect of this reform on investment. Using identical data and removing this alteration, we find differential pre-trends between treated and control firms. We also establish that the controls referred to as “size growth,” used in all the difference-in-difference specifications, effectively are controls for lagged investment, i.e., the main outcome variable. Removing such controls attenuates differential pre-trends but leaves no clear event study evidence of a positive effect of dividend taxation on investment.

    Journal: American Economic Review

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  • Dynamic of the Disablement Process in Ageing Populations Journal article

    This paper aims at projecting the disabled population aged 60 or more, and at identifying the factors that impact those projections. To this aim, we develop a novel methodological approach which allows identifying the role of different parameters (e.g. a change in the probability to remain autonomous, a change in the distribution of survival gains across disability levels) in the forecast of morbidity. This paper focuses on the methodological aspect of this new method. It also provides, as an illustration, a projection of the French elderly disabled population in 2060, relying on the French CARE‑M data and on the European data SHARE. It shows, among other results, that matching the past evolution of the disability‑free life expectancy ratio to the total life expectancy requires optimistic assumptions regarding the evolution of the probability to remain autonomous.

    Journal: Economie et Statistique / Economics and Statistics

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